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Kadua elatior

(H.Mann) A.Heller (1897)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Rubiaceae Genus: Kadua

‘āwiwi, ‘uiwi (moloka‘i)

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Lax, branched subshrubs often forming clumps or mats.

Stems: Stems ascending to weakly erect, nearly terete (cylindrical) to quadrangular, more or less slightly striate, usually 1–2 dm long.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite. Blades linear–elliptic to linear–lanceolate, rarely very narrowly elliptic or very narrowly lanceolate, usually falcate, 4–18 cm long, 0.6–1.5 cm wide. Apex long–attenuate. Base long-attenuate. Surfaces glabrous, thin, chartaceous. Margins entire, flat to slightly revolute. Lateral veins 1 to few pairs, subparallel to midrib, higher order venation obscure. Petioles 0–0.6 cm long, connate at base into a sheath 4–6 mm long. Stipules linear with a broadly deltate base, 5–7 mm long, adnate to petiole sheath, linear apical part 3.4–5 mm long.

Flowers: Flowers in compound, terminal, monochasial cymes, these glabrous throughout, pedicels 4–15 mm long, bracts subtending inflorescence linear– lanceolate, ca. 2–4.5 cm long; hypanthium turbinate, ca. 0.5-1.6 mm long. Flowers insect-pollinated, apparently bisexual (perfect) and pistillate. Calyx 4-5-lobefd, lobes linear to linear–deltate or rarely narrowly deltate, 2.5–7 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, enlarging to 4–16 mm long in fruit. Corolla white to green or sometimes purplish, fleshy, salverform, the tube enlarging somewhat at the throat, 8–17 mm long, the limb not strongly quadrangular in bud, but apex depressed, the lobes 3–4 mm long at anthesis, strongly inflexed in bud; nectary disc present. Stamens as many as and alternate with the corolla lobes, inserted 1–3 mm below corolla lobe sinuses; anthers sessile or on short filaments, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or partly so, 2(-4)-locular; ovules few to numerous on fleshy placentas near middle of septum; style as many as carpels, cylindrical to filiform, terminal, long-villous in lower 2/3, apex 2-lobed; stigma bilobed or subcapitate, included or exserted.

Fruit: Capsules turbinate; 3–6 mm long; 4–5 mm in diameter; dehiscing loculicidally across disk; pyrenes tardily dehiscing across disk and slightly further septicidally; endocarp thinly sclerified; disk slightly raised. Seeds dull dark brown; cuneiform; irregularly angled; with well-developed oily endosperm; or endosperm occasionally scanty or absent.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Occurring in wet sites; usually cliff faces; streambeds; waterfalls; or sometimes even in running water.

Elevation Range: 120–1100 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
O'ahu Endemic
Molokai Endemic
Maui Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Minnesota Bot. Stud. 1: 899 (1897)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1142 (K, O, Mo, EM [as Hedyotis elatior]); Terrell et al. 2005:833/Kennedy et al. 2010:24 (COMBNOV, Syn. H. elatior = K. elatior); Forbes 1622.O BISH (O†, 1910); Faurie 368 BISH (M†, 1909)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Kadua elatior Haena, Hanakoa Valley, end of main trail seeping walls adjacent to rushing waterfall; Kadua cookiana, K. elatior, Poa mannii, Plantago princeps, Deparia cataracticola, Isachne pallens, Asplenium unilaterale, Lipochaeta connata, Selaginella arbuscula, Eragrostis variabilis, Carex meyenii, Machaerina angustifolia, Sphenomeris chinensis Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 12965 Kauai BISH 2008-05-07
2 Kadua elatior Upper Wahiawa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1622 Oahu BISH 1910-12-17
3 Kadua elatior Along the Hanapepe River, near the falls Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2440 Kauai BISH 1895-06-24
4 Kadua elatior Mapulehu Valley Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11729 Molokai BISH 1928-07-31
5 Kadua elatior Olokele Preserved_Specimen Lydgate, J.M. 13 Kauai BISH
6 Kadua elatior Wailau Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 530 Molokai BISH 1912-09-01
7 Kadua elatior unknown Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. BISH
8 Kadua elatior Hanalei Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 569 Kauai BISH 1864-01-01
9 Kadua elatior Kaluaaha Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 366 Molokai BISH 1912-08-01
10 Kadua elatior Wahiawa Mts Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 228 Kauai BISH 1909-08-01
11 Kadua elatior Pelekunu Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 571 Molokai BISH 1912-09-01
12 Kadua elatior In lacunis Nahiku Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 368 Maui BISH 1909-09-01
13 Kadua elatior Kaluaaha Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 366 Molokai BISH 1912-08-01
14 Kadua elatior Wailau Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 530 Molokai BISH 1912-09-01
15 Kadua elatior Hanalei Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 569 Kauai BISH 1864-01-01
16 Kadua elatior Hanapepe Falls Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 3730 Kauai BISH 1909-12-01
17 Kadua elatior Wahiawa Mts Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 228 Kauai BISH 1909-08-01
18 Kadua elatior Kaholuamanu Preserved_Specimen Lydgate, J.M. Kauai BISH
19 Kadua elatior Hii Valley Preserved_Specimen Lydgate, J.M. Kauai BISH
20 Kadua elatior Lihue District; ridge just south below Kawaikini, Iliilula headwaters Dubautia-Sadleria shrubland/fernland, high wind summit slopes w/ Psychotria mariniana, Kadua affinis, Melicope clusiifolia, M. waialealae, Vaccinium calycinum, Coprosma kauaense, Dubautia taxa, D. paleata, D. imbricata acronaea, Broussaisia arguta, Bidens forbes Preserved_Specimen Shrubs, on saturated vertical basalt walls, and waterfall faces, in flower Wood, K.R. 15454 Kauai BISH 2013-04-03
21 Kadua elatior Wahiawa Mts Preserved_Specimen Lydgate, J.M. Kauai BISH
22 Kadua elatior [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Molokai; Hawaii; Maui Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Molokai BISH
23 Kadua elatior Upper Wahiawa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1622 Oahu BISH 1910-12-17
24 Kadua elatior [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Molokai; Hawaii; Maui Preserved_Specimen Brigham, W.T. 569 Molokai BISH 1864-01-01
25 Kadua elatior Kauai Preserved_Specimen Lydgate, J.M. 149 Kauai BISH
26 Kadua elatior Hanakapiai Falls Cliff face. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 216 Kauai BISH 1971-04-13
27 Kadua elatior Na Pali coast, Hoolulu Valley, first gulch W from W side (Waiahuakua side) above Kalalau Trail, dripping waterfall in main gulch Dripping waterfall in main gulch above Pritchardia napaliensis. Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 459 Kauai BISH 1979-06-17
28 Kadua elatior Hanalei District. Na Pali Kona State Park; Hanakapiai Valley, around base of Hanakapiai Falls Herbaceous vegetation dominated by ferns on wet, seeping rock faces and talus, with Thelypteris cyatheoides, Selaginella arbuscula, invasive aliens including Adiantum raddianum, Blechnum appendiculatum, Thelypteris dentata, Ageratina and Erigeron. Preserved_Specimen Perennial herb on wet, mossy rock face. Corolla white, Uncommon, localized. Lorence, D.H. 9629 Kauai BISH 2007-05-10
29 Kadua elatior Hanalei District. Wainiha valley, South fork at back of valley near Hinalele falls. in stream Riparian area. W/Pipturus, Machaerina angustifolia, Sadleria cyathioides, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Cyrtandra wainihaensis, Boehmeria grandis, Metrosideros, Bidens, Lipochaeta connata var acris, Dubautia plantaginea Preserved_Specimen Small shrub 1 ft ht with yellow flowers. Perlman, S. 24026 Kauai BISH 2014-07-08
30 Kadua elatior Hanalei District. Hanalei valley, head waters of Hanalei stream, Twin fall area. hanging valley Riparian veg Metrosideros- Sadleria Cyanea fissa, Urera glabra, Freycinetia, Dubautia knudsenii, Cibotium, Touchardia, Pipturus, Machaerina angustifolia, Sadleria cyathioides, Perrottetia sandswicensis, Cyrtandra wainihaensis, Australian Preserved_Specimen Small shrub plants in streams, base of falls, yellow flowers Perlman, S. 24786 Kauai BISH 2016-01-07
31 Kadua elatior Kalalau Valley near the back on cliff face Growing from a wet ledge on a wet cliff face. Preserved_Specimen Diffusely branched plant 12 ft across. Hobdy, R.W. 1800 Kauai BISH 1983-08-20
32 Kadua elatior Koaie headwaters near koaie camp. Metrosideros-Cheirodentron-Dicronopteris mixed wet forest w/ Melicope clusiifolia, Coprosma kauensis, Polyscias waialealae, Broussaisia arguta, Vaccinium calycinum, V. dentatum, Syzygium sandwicensis, Astelia argyrocoma, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Smilax mel Preserved_Specimen Shrub, on stream walls, rheophytic, branches arching pendent, stems tan-brown, in flower, corolla green-yellow. Wood, K.R. 18126 Kauai BISH 2019-03-07
33 Kadua elatior Hanalei district; Hanakapiai valley, Na Pali coast, on east side of Hanakapiai falls near base of cliff Metrosideros-Dicranopteris linearis wet shrubland. With Boehmeria grandis, Eragrostis variabilis, Machaerina angustifolia, Pipturus, Blechnum occidentale, Kalanchoe pinnata, Hedychium gardnerianum, Psidium guajava, Ageratina riparia, Pluchea carolinen Preserved_Specimen Small shrubs 1-2 ft ht with flowers and fruit, abouve 10 plants seen Perlman, S. 22872 Kauai BISH 2012-05-18
34 Kadua elatior Limahuli Valley, main stream bed. At Stepping Stones Falls In stream bed, on wet rock near stream. Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 460 Kauai BISH 1979-06-17
35 Kadua elatior Lihue District. Iliilula, draiage below Kawaikini. Metrosideros polymorpha wet cliff Machaerina angustifolia, Kadua elatior, Kadua centranthoides, Erigeron Karvinskianus, Cyathea cooperi weeds: Psidium cattleianum. Preserved_Specimen Herbs 1 ft with flowers, flower color yellow. Perlman, S. 23578 Kauai BISH 2013-06-27
36 Kadua elatior Lihue District. Kahili mountain region. along base of cliff, occasional. Metrosideros-Dicranopteris lowland to montane wet habitat with Psychotria mariniana, Syzygium sandwicensis, Dubautia laxa var. hirtella, D. raillardiodes, Polyscias oahuensis, Melicope clusiifolia, M. waialealae, Kadua affinis, Machaerina angustifolia, Freyc Preserved_Specimen Shrub, 25 to 40 cm. tall, in flowers and fruit, Wood, K.R. 16385 Kauai BISH 2015-03-27
37 Kadua elatior Boundary of Lihue and Kawaihau Districts; Area called The Blue Hole; Headwaters of N Fork of Wailua River, just N of Mt Kawaikini, SE of Mt Waialeala Deep narrow valley surrounded by vertical cliffs laced with waterfalls; Low undisturbed wet forest of small, stunted trees and shrubs. (Metrosideros, Bobea, Perrottetia, etx.) with ground cover of Pteridophytes, Gunnera, Cyrtandra, and Cyanea, growing over saturated, rocky ground. Preserved_Specimen 75 cm tall subshrub growing in a clump 75 cm wide. In flower no seed. Wood, K.R. 341 Kauai BISH 1990-06-01
38 Kadua elatior Napali Coast, Hoolulu Streams, on creast and face of waterfall On crest and face of waterfall where always damp, and in wet weather completely inundated. Preserved_Specimen Plants 16 in long; stems procumbent, and rooting where they touch the stream bed. Flowers white. Christensen, C. 63 Kauai BISH 1976-09-25
39 Kadua elatior Wainiha, upper NE fork Closed Metrosideros forest, 8-12 m canopy. Understory dominated by Antidesma w/ mixed wet associates, Syzygium, Broussaisia, Perrottetia, Cyrtandra spp, Psychotria spp, Dubautia spp, Labordia spp, Coprosma waimeae, Cheirodendron spp, Tetraplasandra Preserved_Specimen Kadua elatior, along stream with Plantago princeps var longibracteata, with see. Wood, K.R. 13264 Kauai BISH 2008-09-10
40 Kadua elatior Below Kamanu Ridge, headwaters of Waikoko, S of Wailua's N fork and above Wailua ditch. Metrosideros wet forest with wet diff communities. W/ Cheirodendron, Pipturus spp., Dubautia, Cyrtandra, Kadua centranthoides, K. elatior, K. foggiana, Psychotria, Melicope, Machaerina, Isachne, with ferns of Microlepia, Asplenium, Christella, Deparia. Preserved_Specimen Shrub, 15 - 40 cm, pendent on wet cliff, common. Wood, K.R. 12776 Kauai BISH 2008-01-12
41 Kadua elatior Mt. Kahili, on Sw side of ridge above the microwave relay station On dripping cliff face on the SW side of ridge. Preserved_Specimen Delicate sub-shrub. Herbst, D.R. 2494 Kauai BISH 1972-06-22
42 Kadua elatior Boundary of Lihue and Kawaihau Districts. N Fork of Wailua River trail to Blue Hole and base of Mt. Waialeale at the backwell Machaerina angustifolia Lowland Wet Shrubland associated w/ Touchardia, Cyrtandra heinrichii, Peperomia, Pilea, Bidens, Plantago princeps, Hedyotis elatior, Metrosideros, Pipturus, Sadleria, Gunnera, Hedyotis fluviatilis, Perrottetia, Lysimachia, Athyrium sandwichianum. Preserved_Specimen Prostrate on wet shelves and in tallus, Fairly abundant. Leaf junctions stipules w dk purple. Lvs dark green above & med plastic green below. Fls light dull light yellow-green, w yellow stamens. Buds white green w apex w reflexed lobes, glaucous. Apex of bud indented. Fls. sweet smell at 9 pm. Calyx w/ purpl. Tangalin, N. 1922 Kauai BISH 2009-02-11
43 Kadua elatior Lihue District. Waiahi drainage, North of Kapalaoa On waterfall face. East facing slopes below ridgeline between Kapalaoa and Kawaikini Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet forest W/Antidesma platyphylla, Ilex anomala, Polyscias waialeale, Scaevola gaudichaudiana, Bobea brevipes, Psychotria mariniana, Cyanea kahiliensis weeds; Psidium cattleianum Preserved_Specimen About 5 plants, 1 - 2 ft ht with yellow flowers. Perlman, S. 23756 Kauai BISH 2013-11-25
44 Kadua elatior Na Pali coast, Hoolulu Valley, first gulch W from W side (Waiahuakua side) above Kalalau Trail, dripping waterfall in main gulch Dripping waterfall in main gulch above Pritchardia napaliensis. Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 459 Kauai BISH 1979-06-17
45 Kadua elatior Blue Hole rock fall at base of back wall; Sadleria, Bidens, Hedyotis elatior, Cyrtandra, Pipturus ruber Preserved_Specimen trailing herb along cliffs; yellow green flower; linear lanceolate leaves Trauernicht, C. 733 Kauai BISH 2009-02-11
46 Kadua elatior Lihue Dist. headwaters of the N fork of Wailua River area called The Blue Hole or The Crater, just E of Mt. Waialeale and Kawaikini Deep valley surrounded by steep cliffs ca 1000 m high laced with waterfalls, low primary vegetation of small stunted trees 1-2 m tall, numerous pteridophytes and Gunnera over saturated rocky ground. Preserved_Specimen Small hanging shrub ca 20 cm, branched; flowers greenish yellow. Wagner, W.L. 6350 Kauai BISH 1990-06-13
47 Kadua elatior Hanalei District. Wainiha, upper northeastern fork. Closed Metrosideros lowland wet forest, 8-12 m canopy, surrounded by steep valley walls with Dicranopteris and mixed shrubs. Understory dominated by Antidesma w/ Syzygium, Broussaisia, Perrottetia, Cyrtandra spp, Psychotria spp, Dubautia spp, Laboria spp, Coprosma waimeae, Cheirodendron spp, Polyscias kavaiensis, P. oahuen Preserved_Specimen shrub, ca. 25 cm tall, leaves and stems glossy medium green, corolla yellow-green, common along fast running stream banks Wood, K.R. 15927 Kauai BISH 2014-04-23
48 Kadua elatior Headwaters of the N fork of Wailua River, area called The Blue Hole or The Crater, just E of Mt Waialeale and Kawaikini In deep valley surrounded by steep cliffs 1000 meters high laced with waterfalls; low primary vegetation of small, stunted trees 1-2 m tall, numerous pteridophytes, and Gunnera over saturated, rocky ground. Preserved_Specimen Perennial herb common on rocks along edge of stream. Corolla lobes pale yellowish green, tube paler. Capsule green. Lorence, D.H. 5348 Kauai BISH 1987-07-23
49 Kadua elatior N fork of Wailua River trail to Blue Hole and base of Mt. Waialeale, side gulch to the NE side of the first (double) falls that one must go around. Along the most Weserly stream branch Growing on wet talus below falls. Small patch. Next to large patch of Kadua XXXXX, Metrosideros, Machaerina, Pipturus, Pluchea, ferns, mosses, lichens. Preserved_Specimen Prostrate, lying on rocks. One 4 x 3 patch in area. Light green lvs, stems green w/ purple at nodes. Fls light green. Peduncles winged. Tangalin, N. 2402 Kauai BISH 2010-09-26
50 Kadua elatior Koaie stream, Kokee plateau, on ledges just above stream Ledge above stream. Preserved_Specimen Medeiros, A.C. 498 Kauai BISH 1983-08-30
51 Kadua elatior Western branch of Mapulehu Valley Growing within streambed partly submerged. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11728 Molokai BISH 1928-07-20
52 Kadua elatior Headwaters of the N fork of Wailua River, area called The Blue Hole or The Crater, just E of Mt Waialeale and Kawaikini In deep valley surrounded by steep cliffs 1000 meters high laced with waterfalls; low primary vegetation of small, stunted trees 1-2 m tall, numerous pteridophytes, and Gunnera over saturated, rocky ground. Preserved_Specimen Perennial herb common on rocks along edge of stream. Corolla lobes pale yellowish green, tube paler. Capsule green. Lorence, D.H. 5347 Kauai BISH 1987-07-23
53 Kadua elatior Wahiawa Mts. Windward side of Mt. Kahili On sheer rock race on windward side. Preserved_Specimen Corolla lobes greenish, tube white. Flynn, T.W. 1121 Kauai BISH 1985-06-07
54 Kadua elatior Lumahai, eastern ridge just above falls Metrosideros lowland wet forest with Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Syzygium sandwicensis, Cheirodendron ssp, Ilex anomala, Tetraplasandra, Dubautia knudsenii, Psychotria mariniana, P. hexandra, Psychotria wawrae, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope ssp. Preserved_Specimen Shrub, few branched, observed along streams and falling water Wood, K.R. 8118 Kauai BISH 2000-01-06
55 Kadua elatior Kalalau; back of valley Wet cliff. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 3054 Kauai BISH 1989-06-13
56 Kadua elatior Kaluaaha Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 366 Molokai BISH 1912-08-01
57 Kadua elatior Koloa, NTBG, Lawai, McBryde, nursery at pump 6 Preserved_Specimen 30 cm shrub, dense decumbent branches; leaves firm with undulate margins; calyx and hypanthium glaucous green with red tinge; corolla tube and lobes white Lorence, D.H. 9186 Kauai BISH 2004-03-16
58 Kadua elatior Koloa; Lawai Valley, NTBG, pump 6, nursery Preserved_Specimen small shrub; flower white Dunn, L. 155 Kauai BISH 2003-04-03
59 Kadua elatior Wailau Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 530 Molokai BISH 1912-09-01
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